국가지하수정보센터
빅데이터플랫폼기술동향
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[기술동향] [미국] 뉴욕 슈퍼펀드 지역에 새로운 처리 기술 적용
환경보호국은 뉴욕 Dewey Loeffel Landfill Superfund 지역의 처리 플랜트에 새로운 기술을 적용한다고 밝혔다. 2014년 1월에 운영을 시작한 플랜트는 오염된 지하수와 쓰레기 매립지의 액상 오염을 처리한다. 새로운 시스템은 1.4 다이옥신의 장기간 처리하고 화장품, 세제, 샴푸의 구성요소인 안전제와 용액을 다루기 위해 설치된다.
1952년부터 1968년까지 Dewey Loeffel Landfill Superfund 지역은 여러 수도지구 회사에서 발생하는 4만6천톤의 폐기 물질을 처리하기 위해 사용됐다. 회사에서 발생한 폐기물에는 산업용액, 폐기오일, 폴리염화비페닐, 폐기물질, 침전물 등을 포함하고 있었다. 휘발성의 유기 화합물과 다른 위험한 물질이 매립지에서 새어나와 지하수를 오염시켰다. 또한 폴리염화비테닐은 하류까지 이동하여 나소 호수주변의 어류와 침전지를 오염시켰다.
[원문내용]
New treatment technology to be added to WWTP at NY Superfund site
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has announced that an additional treatment technology will be added to the existing treatment plant at the Dewey Loeffel Landfill Superfund site in Nassau, Rensselaer County, New York. The plant, which began operating in January 2014, is treating liquids seeping from the landfill, called leachate, as well as contaminated groundwater. The new system is being added to further address the long-term treatment of the chemical 1,4-dioxane, a stabilizer and solvent that is also a component of some cosmetics, detergents and shampoos.
From 1952 until 1968, The Dewey Loeffel Landfill Site was used for the disposal of an estimated 46,000 tons of waste materials generated by several Capital District companies including General Electric, Bendix Corporation (now Honeywell International, Inc.) and Schenectady Chemicals (now SI Group, Inc.). The waste included industrial solvents, waste oils, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), scrap materials, sludge, and solids. Volatile organic compounds and other hazardous substances have seeped out of the landfill and contaminated the groundwater. PCBs have also moved downstream, causing contamination of sediment and several species of fish in and near Nassau Lake.
Since the treatment plant began operating, EPA has required that the treated water be stored in a series of three on-site storage tanks and tested before each individual tank is discharged to the Valatie Kill. This tank-by-tank process will continue until seven to 10 days prior to delivery of the new treatment system, expected in late October. In order for the new system to be installed, the storage tanks at the site will need to be removed. The EPA will approve direct discharge from the plant to the Valatie Kill at that time, provided the sampling data continues to meet the stringent discharge limits set by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYDEC). It\''s expected that EPA will have sampling data from about 40 individual tanks by the time it allows any direct discharges from the treatment plant.
Out of an abundance of caution, the rate of groundwater and leachate coming into the plant for treatment, called the flow rate, will be reduced as low as possible while the additional treatment technology is being installed. The plant needs to continue operating during the two- to three-week installation period to ensure that one of the treatment technologies in the plant relying on microorganisms to treat the wastewater can continue to operate effectively. The wastewater and leachate coming into the plant provide the nutrients these microorganisms need to survive. After the new treatment system is installed, the flow rate will be increased. Surface water will be sampled at least three times after direct discharge is approved.
The slow startup phase was intended to gradually bring the plant up to capacity to ensure that it is working effectively and is capable of meeting the discharge limits set by the NYDEC. To date, 26 tanks have been sampled, analyzed and individually discharged to the Valatie Kill. This comprehensive sampling program has demonstrated that the plant is working as intended. The majority of compounds tested in the tanks that were discharged have not been detected in the treated water and all have been below the requirements set by the NYDEC for discharge to the Valatie Kill. The carbon filtration system, a component of the existing treatment plant, has been effectively removing 1,4-dioxane and will continue to be the primary treatment method for 1,4-dioxane until the new treatment technology is in place.
Prior to direct discharge, some modifications will be made to the existing sampling schedule. Sampling will meet and exceed the requirements set by the NYDEC. While there is no discharge limit set for 1,4-dioxane at this time, the state requires quarterly monitoring. Sampling for 1,4-dioxane in the treated water will occur weekly, in excess of the requirement.
[출처 = Water World / 2014년 7월 22일] -
[기술동향] [독일] 세계적으로 지하수 저수지의 감소율 증가
괴테 대학 자연지리학부의 수리학자인 Petra Doll는 과거 50년 동안 지하수 저수지의 감소정도에 대한 연구를 진행해왔다. 모든 대륙의 물 부족과 흐름을 계산하는 세계적인 담수 모델인 WaterGAP를 사용하여 세계 중요한 건조지역 고찰과정의 데이터를 평가했다.
계산된 평가는 다른 정의 모니터링 데이터와 나사의 Gravity Recovery & Climate Experiment 인공위성의 데이터와 비교됐다. 결론적으로 지하수 저수지의 감소율을 지속적으로 증가하고 있지만 이전의 평가보다 높지는 않다고 설명했다.
[원문내용]
Global groundwater reservoir depletion rate increasing, research finds
Frankfurt hydrologist Prof. Petra Doll from the Institute of Physical Geography at the Goethe University has been researching what parts of the world and to what degree groundwater reservoirs have been depleting over the past 50 years. Using WaterGAP, the global freshwater model that calculates flows and storages of water on all continents, she has arrived at the most reliable estimate to date by taking into consideration processes that are important in dry regions of the world.
The values calculated were compared with monitoring data from many different wells and data from NASA\''s Gravity Recovery & Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites (see: "NASA satellites detect possible disastrous flooding months in advance"). These satellites measure changes in the Earth\''s gravity field. Doll has come to the conclusion that the rate at which groundwater reservoirs are being depleted is increasing but that the rate is not as high as previously estimated.
Ninety percent of water consumption is due to irrigation for farming purposes. Only the comparatively small remainder is used for potable water and industrial production. As an example, 40 percent of the cereals produced around the world are irrigated. However, in many cases, this results in increased scarcity of water resources and puts a burden on ecosystems. In dry regions, the amount taken from groundwater reservoirs can easily exceed the amount being replenished so that the groundwater reservoir is overused and depleted.
"By comparing the modeled and measured values of groundwater depletion, we were able for the first time to show on a global scale that farmers irrigate more sparingly in regions where groundwater reservoirs are being depleted," said Doll. "They only use about 70 percent of the optimal irrigation amounts."
The rate at which the Earth\''s groundwater reservoirs are being depleted is constantly increasing. Annual groundwater depletion during the first decade of this century was twice as high as it was between 1960 and 2000. India, the U.S., Iran, Saudi Arabia, and China are the countries with the highest rates of groundwater depletion. About 15 percent of global groundwater consumption is not sustainable, meaning that it comes from non-renewable groundwater resources. On the Arabian Peninsula, in Libya, Egypt, Mali, Mozambique, and Mongolia, over 30 percent of groundwater consumption is from non-renewable groundwater.
The new estimate of global groundwater depletion is 113,000 million cubic meters per year for the period from 2000 to 2009, which is lower than previous, widely-varying estimates. This can be considered to be the most reliable value to date, since it is based on improved groundwater consumption data which takes the likely deficit irrigation into account and since the model results correlate well with independent comparative data.
The increased use of groundwater for irrigation also results in a rise in sea levels: According to Doll\''s calculations, sea level rise due to groundwater depletion was 0.31 millimeters per year during the period from 2000 to 2009. This corresponds to roughly one tenth of the total sea level rise.
[출처 = Water World / 2014년 7월 18일] -
[기술동향] [미국] 국내 최대 규모 내륙 담수화 플랜트 건설
San Antonio Water System (SAWS)가 미국 최대 규모의 내륙 담수화 플랜트를 건설하고 있다고 밝혔다. 이 플랜트는 텍사스의 베어 카운티 지역의 Wilcox 대수층 지하수를 담수화할 계획이다.
SAWS의 최고 책임자인 Robert R. Puente는 " 대수층의 지하수는 일시적인 기후조건에 영향을 받지 않는 염분기 있는 물이 많이 내장되어 있다. 그래서 그것을 공급함으로써 가뭄을 해결할 수 있다."고 말했다.
하루 6천 리터 규모의 담수화 플랜트는 2016년 개관될 예정이며 비용은 1억9천270만 달러이다. 또한 추가적으로 2021년과 2026년 하루 용량 1억5000만 리터로 확대할 예정이며 총 비용 4억1천100만 달러이다.
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Planned Texas inland desalination plant will be USA\'s biggest
San Antonio Water System (SAWS) is constructing what will become the largest inland desalination plant in the USA. The plant will desalinate groundwater from the Wilcox Aquifer in southern Bexar County, Texas.
There are \'oceans\' of brackish water under our feet unaffected by temporary weather conditions, so this is a supply that will be there for us even in drought," said SAWS president and chief executive Robert R. Puente.
The 60 million litres a day, reverse osmosis plant is scheduled to open in 2016 a cost of $192.7 million. Additions to the plant are scheduled for 2021 and 2026 taking its output to 150 million litres a day and the final cost to US$411 million.As part of the Texas State Water Plan, SAWS has accessed more than $100 million in low- interest loans from the Texas Water Development Board to help fund the plant\'s construction.
[출처 = Desalination & Water Reuse / 2014년 7월 8일]
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[기술동향] [영국] 지질연구소(BGS), 지하수와 Fracking 지도 출시
영국지질연구소(BGS)는 환경청(EA)과의 협력을 통해 잉글랜드와 웨일스지역의 주요 지하수 대수층 밑에 각각 셰일 가스와 석유자원을 보여주는 지도를 출시했다.
대수층의 지하수는 영국 식수의 30%를 제공하고 남동부 잉글랜드 식수의 70%이상을 제공한다. 이 지도는 지리학적 데이터를 상상하는 새로운 방법을 제공하기 위해 제작됐다. 영국지질연구소는 지도가 중요 대수층과 셰일가스 및 석유개발을 위한 셰일층 사이의 공공이해와 기술적 이해를 돕는다. 또한, 수열파쇄와 석유 및 가스정 운영에서 잠재적인 오염 위험을 고려할 때 중요한 요소라고 말했다.
[원문내용]
Maps to help public understand relationship between groundwater and fracking
The British Geological Survey (BGS) in partnership with The Environment Agency (EA) have published a series of maps which show the depth to each shale gas and oil source rock below principal groundwater aquifers in England and Wales.
Groundwater from aquifers provides 30% of drinking water in the UK and up to 70% of the drinking water in South East England.
The maps aim to provide a new way to visualise geological data. BGS said they will help technical and public understanding of the distance between principal aquifers and the shales/clays of interest for shale gas and oil exploitation, an important “factor when considering the potential contamination risks from hydraulic fracturing and oil/gas well operation”.
The Environment Agency also requires detailed geological assessments if hydraulic fracturing for oil or gas is proposed, and requires operators to hold groundwater permits unless there is no significant risk to groundwater.
Developments will not be allowed to go ahead if they are too close to drinking water sources and the Environment Agency will not permit the use of chemical additives in hydraulic fracturing fluid that are hazardous to groundwater.
Dr Rob Ward, director of groundwater science, British Geological Survey, said: “For the first time the public will be able to visualise our nationally important Principal Aquifers in relation to potential shale gas and oil source rocks. This information will help to better understand the risks to groundwater from shale gas and oil.”
Dr Alwyn Hart, head of the air, land and water research team at the Environment Agency, added: “We have strong regulatory controls in place to protect groundwater, and will not permit activity that threatens groundwater and drinking water supplies. These maps will help public understanding of the separation between groundwater and potential shale gas sites.”
[출처 = Water World / 2014년 7월 9일] -
[기술동향] [예멘] 최초의 담수화 플랜트 추진
예멘은 국가 최초의 담수화 플랜트 건설을 추진중이며 총 3억불 규모의 투자는 예멘 국가의 천연수자원의 위험스러운 고갈이 진행되는데 반하여 물수요가 증가하는데 따른 자연적인 정책추진이다.
예멘의 물/환경부에 따르면 예멘은 아랍지역에서 가장 물이 부족한 나라로 인구성장이 증가하고 강우량의 제한으로 인하여 이제는 물의 공급량을 유지하기가 어렵게 되었다고 설명. 예멘의 국민은 연간 140톤의 물만을 얻을수 있으며 이느 중동지역 국가의 평균 연간 1,000톤의 물과 비교된다.
예멘은 농업용, 산업용 및 음용수용 모두 지하수 수자원에만 의존하고 있는 세계유일의 나라 라는것을 생각하면 이러한 불안정한 물의 공급망은 쉽게 예상될수 있다. 이로서 예멘의 지하수 수자원은 심하게 고갈이 진행되었으며 이제는 쉽게 충진복원될수 없는 상태에 이르게 되었다. 이번 프로젝트 추진을 위하여 사우디 개발 펀드를 이용하는 계약도 곧 진행될 예정이다.[원문내용]
Yemen poised to build first desalination plant
Yemen is set to build its first desalination plant. The $300 million project is a response to growing water demand as the country\''s natural water resources have become dangerously depleted.
According to Yemen Water and Environment Minister, Abdulsalam Razzaz Yemen suffers with "the most water shortages in the Arab region." He pointed to Yemen\''s increasing population growth rates and limited rainfall for the exacerbation of the country water crisis, noting that at its current state Yemen would soon be unable to sustain its supplies. Each Yemeni has access to only 140 m³ of water a year against the Middle East average of about 1,000 m³ per capita a year.
"The precarious water situation in Yemen can be better appreciated when you consider it is the only country in the world that uses groundwater for agriculture, industry and for drinking," explained the minister. This has dangerously depleted Yemen underground water reserves, which cannot be replenished easily.
Experts have warned that the country was already beyond the point of safe return when it came to its water resources. Seawater desalination said the minister is a perfect solution, not only for Yemen but for the region as well as Yemen\''s partners in the project will to benefit from the plant.
Razzaz confirmed that an agreement will soon be signed with the Saudi Fund for Development for the financing of the project. The plant will provide water for the provinces of Taiz, Lahj, Aden and Ibb. Within the next decade the desalination plant will also be able to supply the capital, Sana\''a.
[출처 = Desalination & Water Reuse / 2014년 6월 29일]
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